Sistim Komputer

Objektif:

• Sebagai Pengantar (Introduction)

• Membantu anda melihat issue yang berhubungan dengan komputer dalam konteks MIS, lebih ke aspek teknologi.

• Mengenal organisasi dan komponen-komponen sistim komputer, struktur perangkat-keras (hardware); beserta ukuran kinerja (performance).

• Mempelajari implementasi sistim operasi dan struktur perangkat-lunak software.

• Mempelajari pemakaian sistim komputer dalam suatu organisasi - pertimbangan dan penilaian untuk klasifikasi komputer.

• Analisa issue yang berhubungan dengan realisasi komputer dalam suatu organisasi (enterprise case study):

  • Continuous computing : fault tolerant

  • TCO (studi dari Gartner Group) : desktop komputer

  • Network computer dan mobile computing

  • End user computing support: help desk dan call center

  • IBM solution dan Microsoft architecture : white paper

Penilaian

• Assigment (PR dan tugas) : 35 %

• UTS : 30 %

• UTA : 35 %

• Bonus: 10 % : class participation and report

• Tidak ada kebijaksanan untuk tugas tambahan dan ujian ulang

• Grading (tentative):
  • A > 80
  • 70 < B < 80
  • 50 < C < 70
  • D < 50

Buku teks dan Referensi:

Organisasi Sistim Komputer

• Hennessy, John L. & Patterson David A., Computer Organization & Design: The Hardware / Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann Pub. Inc. 1994 (Reserved in Library/Depok)

Sistim Operasi

• Silberschatz, Abraham and Peterson James L. Operating System Concepts, 4^th or 5^th Edition (Reserved in Library/Depok)
• Mike Loukides, System Performance Tuning, , O'Reilly & Associates, Inc 1992

Selected topik from magazines and journal: IEEE Micro, Byte, ACM Communications, Windows NT Mag., other studies (Computer Technology Research, Gartner Group, Microsoft, IBM )

Resources:

• WWW: http://duku.csc.ui.ac.id/mti/siskom : homepage untuk kuliah ini : materi, announcement dan tugas.
  Periksa homepage ini sesering mungkin.
  Mirror homepage yang dapat diakses dari luar (Internet) akan dibuat di sunsite.ui.ac.id (nama homepage nanti menyusul)

• E-mail: resource utama untuk konsultasi dan bertanya. Dianjurkan untuk menggunakan e-mail (vs telepon), setiap email pasti dibalas. Alamat email: moningka@cs.ui.ac.id

• Computer room - user account: hubungi sekertariat

Topik

• Introduction

• Information Processing Model: the role of Computer

• Information System Planning: where the Computer fit ini

• Overview of system architecture component (hardware)

• Processor, Memory and I/O

• Performance issues and analysis

• Case Study: Enterprise computing

• Overview of operating system concept (software)

• Process, Memory Management and File system

• System issues: security and protection

• System performance evaluation and tuning

• Analysis and case study (Report)

Current Issues (you may not agree with this!!)

What is the current status of IT technology?

Massive investment (you name it ! a Fortune company without IT technology bandwagon?)

But, are there really paid off? (Yankee Group estimated: 2 trillion dollars in the past 30 years)

In terms of increased productivity for the organization or competitiveness!!!

Some success story and other .....

So, what is really make things differ ?

Computers simply to replicate old, manual business processes (No change in the process)

Computerization requries the organization to change the process to realize its full benefits.

Otherwise, more work to be done to replicate manual process

(You may argue, ... computer will not work if manual process did not work, typically our problem in this country)

This is sound like "reengineering" buzzworld, but we really need "reform" here (another heavy word)

Which lead to => historic prespective in what so called IT people doing business?

Once upon a time, we are called, "Management Information Systems"

Gradually, we want to be called, "Information Systems" (not only management tools, but a way of doing business to increase productivity, profit, ease of life etc.)

Then, we agreed upon the term, "Information Technology" (more than just information, but with the entire computing and communications infrastructure)

This infrastructure that we will focus on this course.

There is a change forced upon, you, as IT people/manager. What is it ?

• The changing role (demise) of mainframe (EDP centered).

The rise of the PC, the revolt of end users.

Many study shows, we fought the introduction of PCs into the office,
and since then IT operations rushed to keep pace with the end user.

The effect, IT department lost control of the information and computing environment.

The impact, user demanded the desktop support on an IT department which are not ready to support it.

This desktop technology chosen by end users (short term, haphazard, "I know best ..", computer show) ... leaving a user support and infrastructure nightmare for IT department.

• We still (the best people around ?) to provide technical advise, system support, application support and set standard, but ....
  
• We must accept the fact: corporate data had to be shared (our weapon in the old days - controlled data required by everyone to perform their jobs).

• We had to give up the notion computing was an activity performed only by specialists - it is not a mainframe environment anymore.

Challenges for Information Technology.

Skills : rapid change (nature) of IT related technology.

Gartner Group surveys, more than half of the IT Excecutive, see their employees skill needs change drastically by the end of the century)

Options: spending substantially on training current staff or hiring the needed skills on temporary basis.

Pitfall 1: training cost (not fair for other dept.) and staff spending time on training.

Pitfall 2 : hiring temporary basis can be more expensive, lose sense of loyality /tracking

Other alternatives: OUTSOURCING ! (.. I leave it to you)

Technological : rapid advancement of technology.

Example: microprocessor power doubles at the rate of 18 months (sources: Intel), mass storage from about $3/MBytes - 1990 to under $0.30/MBytes - 1995. (Compared to IBM mainframe cosmetic changes once every three years), client server computing, e-commerce, workflow, data warehouse, component-ware etc.

Any IT proffesional must be ready to devote more time than normal to recycle knowledge and skills.

In practice, try to balance focus on the business process (larger issues service level we must maintained)

IT architectures and infrastructure

Architecture: a high level blueprint information requirement and support in organizations (analogy for a house)

Recognizing the business needs for information (objectives)

Combining with the information system that already exist

Types of architectures

Classify by the role of the hardware (infrastructure)

• Centralized system (Mainframe environment)
  processing mainframe and a bunch of terminals, still popular at transaction system
  
• Server system (PC environment)
  PC independent each other glued by the network
  typical office automation and file server
  
• Distributed system
  distributed the workload or process between two or more computers (enterprise system: covers the whole organization - we will study this architecture)

The Architecture of the 90's(... by our network people)

Computer designed to connect or interconnect: (look at Windows NT)

Leading toward a single hardware and application architecture - Client/Server computing

C/S refers only to application, but in this course it is used to denote the entire hardware/software architecture that supports C/S applications.

C/S runs at two (or more) separate components on different systems.

Clients : local desktop -Server : more powerful remote computer

C/S application model:

The user work directly on the local component of the applications (client): GUI, fast access and response.
But user may be idle (thinking time), it is more logically done on the inexpensive desktop computer (cost of CPU cycles very low).

The server, perform services for many clients and it is designed only for those workload (i.e access database not a graphical intensive).

Result: computational efficiencies (divide workload fit the best), more productive and (maybe) application takes the most advantage of the computing environment.

It requires IT changes to run their business (Server centric and proliferation of many clients) :

• More contact with end users
  
• Better application development process
  
• More timely user support
  
• Robust and reliable data communications backbone

Classifying Computer Hardware

Computing Power (scales)

• Super Computer :

Scientific and military applications, simulation model (business)

Generally 4 to 10 times faster than mainframe

Mutliprocessor to increase computing power

• Mainframe :

Large organization, data center (database) and mission critical application

Generally support up to hundreds of terminals

Mini computer (mid-range):

Small and medium company, specific application and task

Function as mainframe with limited extend

Distributing application and data

 

• Workstation:

Engneering departement (CAD) and specific application

Desktop provide user with computing power and graphics interface

Support by PC environment

 

• Mobile Computer:

Not restricted into one location

Provide interconnection with other computer (server)

Laptop or notebook PC with connection devices

Computer Hardware Components

• A computer : electronic device, capable of processing (instruction and storing data)

• Composed :

Hardware: physical equipment, media (storage) and attached input/output devices

Software: instruction that manipulat e the hardware

• Hardware components: according to role/function - mainly input, processing, storing, output

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Center computing activities, controlling instruction and manipulating data
  
• General terms: processor consist of : Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU), Control Unit, Data Path and Register (memory)

Primary Memory (main memory)

• Stores data and instruction for the CPU

• General terms:
  RAM (Random Access Memory), fast for storing and retrieving but volatile (all data lost if power is turned down) and limited capacity
  
  ROM (Read Only Memory), permanent memory data (can not be changed) ; non-volatile but limited capacity

Secondary Storage

• Stores data, non-volatile and large capacity, with different media (magnetic, tape) but slower than main memory

• General terms:

Magnetic Disk, also known as hard-disk, fast access (random)

Magnetic tape, slow (linear access), cheap (cost $/Mbytes), other: CD-ROM, optical disks

Input/Output Devices

• Communicate computer with user i.e command
  
• Each input device accepts a specific form of data
  
• General terms Input devices:

Keyboard and point of sales : typed characters

Pointing devices - mouse, joy stick, touch screen

Optical recognition - bar code reader

Other: voice recognition, smart card etc.

• General terms Output devices:

Print-out :printer, plotter

Screen: monitor

Other: sound, audio etc.